Development editing (sometimes called structural editing or substantive editing) is the most complex and time-consuming stage of the editorial process. It can also be the most expensive, and that’s why many publishers are now reluctant to take on books that need structural work. Agents, too, are increasingly less inclined to work with an author on developing their manuscript. As this reluctance to invest in new talent becomes the industry norm, authors are being left to do the work themselves or to hire editors to help them do it.

So let’s look at what development editing actually is. It’s essentially about looking at the big picture, evaluating the manuscript as a whole and analysing how well its constituent parts contribute to the central message or narrative. Whereas the copy-editor takes a micro view, drilling into the detail, the structural editor goes macro and asks, ‘Does this work as a book?’

In fiction, the main areas that a structural editor will address are:

• Plot: Does the plot make sense? Is it believable? Is it satisfying or does it leave the reader frustrated?
• Themes: Are the themes effectively handled? Are there so many that the book lacks focus? Do they interfere with the plot or complement it?
• Characterisation: Are your characters well developed and believable? Are they cast in a role that fits their personality? Do they sometimes behave out of character?
• Point of view: Are you using too many or too few POVs? Do you head-hop? Would the story be better told in the first person than in the third?
• Voice: Is the voice consistent or is it sometimes confused? Is it authentic? Is it original?
• Pace: Does the plot move forward at an appropriate pace? Should you cut that preface? Should the action happen sooner or should the tension build more slowly?
• Dialogue: Do your characters sound real when they speak? Is your dialogue cluttered with adverbs and beats? Do you use clunky dialogue to move the plot forward?
• Flow: Is the narrative interrupted by dead-ends and tangents? Is there so much back story that the main plot is dwarfed? Are there missing plot points that would give the narrative greater integrity?

In non-fiction, the principle is the same, but the specific issues are slightly different:

• Thesis: Is your thesis relevant? Is it clearly defined or is it lost among marginal issues?
• Exposition: Are your arguments clear and cogent? Are they well researched and properly supported? Do they have a clear relationship with your thesis?
• Content: Are all the necessary topics sufficiently dealt with? Are the chapters weighted correctly? Is there superfluous content?
• Organisation: Is the information organised logically? Are tables and illustrations used appropriately? How many levels of subheads do you need and how should they be arranged?
• Tone: Is the tone appropriate for the audience? Do you need to eliminate jargon? Is the text accessible?
• Pace: Are there passages that are bogged down in detail? Do you spend too long on detail irrelevant to the main thesis? Are there areas that need further exposition lest they be skipped over?

Although a development editor will likely do some copy-editing as they work through your manuscript, that is not their primary function. Sure, if you overuse a particular sentence structure or if you spell a character’s name in three different ways, they will flag it. But the development editor’s focus is much broader than the mechanics of language, and they will return your manuscript marked up with constructive comments and suggested rewrites that will likely render the corrections pointless in any case. A copy-edit should come later, when the global issues have been addressed and you’re confident that the rewriting is finished.

While development edits aren’t cheap they are a great investment, not just in your book but also in your career. For first-time authors in particular, there’s an element of coaching involved in this kind of editing that will leave you with more skills and greater knowledge, which you can then apply to your future projects. Once you know you shouldn’t use more than one point of view in a scene (unless you’re Virginia Wolf, in which case you’ll probably get away with it!), you won’t do it again. And you’ll learn about structures, techniques and devices you can use to deliver your message more effectively and stylishly.

Most successful authors have worked with a development editor and they know there is value in involving a professional whose opinion is based on knowledge and experience. For example, I won’t simply tell you that your novel is too long and leave it at that; I’ll tell you why it’s too long and I’ll suggest cuts to improve its pace and to tighten the narrative. I will always give a reason for my recommendations, so you can make an informed decision on whether you want to act on them or not. And that’s an important point: you’ll be presented with solutions to problems, but it’s up to you whether or not you implement them. The manuscript is yours, and ultimately you make all the decisions.

Finally, remember that the development editor isn’t trying to catch you out by unearthing a hole in the plot. He’s not questioning your talent by examining the value of your favourite character, and neither is he doubting your skill by suggesting the action should occur earlier in the story. He just wants to make your book the best it can be, probably almost as much as you do.